October 18-20, 2010 Meeting of LIM@Caltech

In physical attendance: Kulkarni, Phinney, Waxman, Gal-Yam, Murthy, Yoram Yaniv (Senior Mgr, IAI, Israel). Via phone: Bhattacharya, van Kerkwjik, Maoz. Paul and Harrison attended meeting on last day.


Executive Summary

van Kerkwijk (assisted by Gal-Yam) to further investigate wide field UV option. Gal-Yam (assisted by van Kerkwijk) to further investigate the narrow field UV option. The NIR option has several action items (Phinney, Maoz). We need someone (IAI?) to look into wide field optics for the telescope. Other action items are noted in bold face below.

Near IR mission

Roger Smith walked us through NIR detectors through an excellent presentation. The progress in NIR detctors has been nothing less than revolutionary. These detectors are now approaching the performance of CCDs in dark current, read noise and QE. The cost is no longer prohibitive. However, the detectors need to be operated at about 150 K and this led to some discussion (below).

Unlike CCDs, NIR detectors can be read in any arbitrary pixel sequence. As a result new modes are possible (rapid read out of region of interest) and high performance can be achieved (CR rejection). However, this would need more computational complexity.

Dani Maoz reviewed the case for a NIR mission. The ground based gold standard is the VISTA survey from ESO.

Marten was concerned that the primary mission (cosmological SN) may need extensive followup and this mission should be figured out (end to end).

An addtional point noted by Dani was that this mission could also undertake microlensing of the Galactic center in J and H bands. This is seen as a major goal of WFIRST but can be done by such a mission (much cheaper and much sooner!).

As noted above, cooling was seen as a major issue. It is clear that the detectors have to be mainted at 150 K in order to minimize dark current. Fiona pointed out that RHESSI (a SMEX mission) employs cryo-coolers which are quite inexpensive and have done an excellent job (cooling the germanium detectors to 80k; see report.

Dipankar brought to our attention that a group in India (Swarna Ghosh, TIFR/NCRA) looking at a small near-IR satellite for spectroscopy (900 km sun-synch and -80C peltier cooled).

[1] Phinney to talk to Werner about JPL expertise in to ascertain feasability to cool to about 150 K. [2] Dani to hold a telecon sharpening the science case (many felt it is too ambitious now). [3] Someone has to produce a plausible optical design that matches to a 15 micron pixel.


UV Missions

Following the WIS meeting we considered two concepts: a wide field (an instantaenous sky coverage of a few percent of the sky) mission aimed squarly at shock breakout and a narrow field (not challengin FOV) telescope aimed at following up ground based triggers.

Wide field UV

van Kerkwijk summarize the report by XiaoXiao Zhang (a Caltech SURF student from China). In the report Ms. Zhang presents the detection rate of UV shock breakouts for blue and red supergiants and as a function of pixel size. [According Eran a full-up Lobster can detect tens of SN2008D-like events per year.]

Next, Jayant Murthy summarized the basic issues (telescope, detectors) and also the program he is pushing in India. He noted that Canada (ROUTES) has a flight spare UV detector (from the Astrosat mission). This is 40-mm with 25 micron resolution elements. If these are centroided to say SNR of 4 then one could get 4000 pixels on a side. The total count rate is 10^5 per second and the lifetime volume is 1 Coulomb.

C. Martin and P. Morrissey (guests) noted continued improvments in UV detectors. Specifically the pixel size comparable to the bore size or 5 microns can be achieved. Morrissey felt that fiber coupled detectors are now very reliable and we should consider them.

Marten to talk with Ottawa-based ROUTES and send a summary of their latest capability in UV detectors .

One issue that became clear is the complexity of telescope optical design for large FOV. Schmidt telescopes achieve an FOV of 40 square degrees but involve refracting optics. C. Martin noted that Galex used every (reflecting) surface to achieve 1 square degree FOV. We need to seriously look into an optical design. Sterl Phinney suggested that we give up on quality imaging and agree to get a large FOV at the cost of any reasonable PSF. This should be looked into. Yanik, van Kerkwijk

van Kerkwijk and Kulkarni agreed to look into the total count rate for large FOV UV mission (including diffuse emisison and bright stars not counted by Galex).

UV Follow-up Mission

Avishay summarized the rationale for an UV followup with his presentation. Kulkarni argued that we are about to enter an inverted era: the discovery rate by ground-based facilties will dramatically increase and follow-up both ground AND space will become the rate limiting step.

C. Martin suggested that we consider at least two bands for a follow up. Kulkarni suggested that one telescope be dedicated for a very low resolution objective grism. This way we get imaging (faint object) and spectroscopy (bright object).

Why not use Swift? Avishay to talk to Neil about this possibility?


X-ray missions

Paul updated us on his X-ray polarimeter project. Biswajit expects to finish the engineering model in six months. ISRO has two small satellite buses: IMS-1 (total weight of 100 kg; payload of 35 kg; 1 degree pointing) (IMS-2; 0.1 degree pointing, payload of 100 kg). Biswajit is designing for IMS-2. He thinks with $1.5M he is ready to construct a real payload on a timescale of 15 months. [One problem is that the current mission calls for an equatorial launch and ISRO does not have any equatorial launches in the near future]. However, ISRO has not committed itself to this project.

We had a quick discussion of X-ray sky monitor projects in the coming decade: MAXI (working well but very bright transients) but it is not very sensitive. SVOM is a mysterious Sino-French mission aimed at wholesome studies of GRBs. This is a Swift-like mission. We agree that it is important to keep track of this mission.

At least one sky monitor (LOBSTER) is being studied for the upcoming Explorer deadline.

Dipankar reviewed the status of Astrosat. He thinks launch is no later than 2011 (perhaps into 2012). We talked about PTF-Astrosat synergy. It was resolved that SRK, Avishay and Fiona will send a 1-page white paper to Dipankar as input to the next Astrosat Science meeting (November 9-10, 2010; IUCAA, Pune, India). Avishay was charged with completing the task.

Fiona then talked about a previously proposed mission (BOLT). This concept used the Rotational Modulator Collimator (RMC) which can localize bright X-ray sources at arcminute precision. The bus is very simple given that it does not need fine pointing. Fiona to circulate the old BOLT proposal. Kulkarni suggested that we have a focused telecon on this topic (after reading the Bolt proposal).

It will be useful to know the opportunities for parasitic launches (around the world) in a typical year. FIONA (to enquire USAF and other US launches) and Waxman (for rest of the world).


Some Feedback from Yoram Yaniv, IAI

Mr. Yoram Yaniv (IAI; program manager for Israeli-French Venus mission) addressed some of the issues raised during the meeting. His presentation can be found here. In particular, the IMPS bus from IAI is quite powerful (cf relative to Galex; see presentation). For instance, the IMPS capability is impressive: 150 kg payload, 50-cm f/7 telescope, mission duration of 4.5 years, 770 Mbits/s, 850 watts, 3-axis stabilized, 240 Gbits on-board recorder.

He also talked of "internet" communications instead of a fixed ground station to receive signals ( "BGAN " based on INMARSAT). In this approach, the satellite sends data to one of a triplet of geostationary satellites which then beams it back to earth. Users receive data via internet. The data cost for this approach versus traditional ground based station approach is yet to be determined.

Separately IAI is now developing a powerful on-board computer with 10 GBits of memory. This eliminates the need for solid state recorders.